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Scholastic was founded in 1920 by Maurice R. Robinson near Pittsburgh as a publisher of youth magazines. Its first publication, The Western Pennsylvania Scholastic, covered high school sports and social activities. The four-page magazine debuted on October 22, 1920, and was distributed in 50 high schools. More publications followed under Scholastic Magazines. In 1948, Scholastic entered the book club business. The company incorporated its first international subsidiary, Scholastic Canada, in 1957. During the 1960s, it established other international publishing locations in England (1964), New Zealand (1964), and Sydney (1968), while also entering the book publishing business. In the 1970s, Scholastic created its TV entertainment division. From 1975 until his death in 2021, Richard Robinson, son of the corporation's founder, served as CEO and president. Scholastic began trading on the Nasdaq on May 12, 1987.
In 2000, Scholastic purchased Grolier for $400 million, and it expanded into video collections the following year. Scholastic developed FASTT Math with Tom Snyder in 2005 to improve student proficiency in multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction through a series of games and memorization quizzes gauging the student's progress. Partnering with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in 2011, Scholastic developed READ 180 to help students with their reading skills. In February 2012, Scholastic acquired Weekly Reader Publishing from the Reader's Digest Association. In July 2012, Scholastic announced plans to discontinue separate issues of Weekly Reader after more than a century of publication, co-branding the magazines as Scholastic News/Weekly Reader. In 2013, the company developed System 44 with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt to further support reading development. Scholastic sold READ 180 to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in 2015. In December 2015, it launched the Scholastic Reads Podcasts. On October 22, 2020, Scholastic celebrated its 100th anniversary.
On September 29, 2026, Scholastic announced that it would acquire Cottage Door Press for $71 million, excluding its Luna StoryTime business, which will be spun-off and continued to be led by its founder and CEO, Dick Maddrell.