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The company was founded by Herbert D. "Ted" Doan and James L. Herbert in 1981 as an investment project by Michigan State University. An early $50,000 investment by the Michigan State University Foundation awarded 30% of the company shares in the early years after its founding. The purpose of the company was to help strengthen the biotechnology community in Lansing and the state as a whole, which had no large biotech companies at the time, and to help retain molecular biologists within the state. One of the earliest acquisitions for the company was Ideal Instruments Inc. in 1985 in order to utilize their production of veterinary tools.
In 1991, Neogen purchased WTT, a 1988 spinoff company of the University of Kentucky that licensed the technology the college had developed. Named for the company's founding professors David Watt, Hsin-Hsiung "Daniel" Tai, and Thomas Tobin, WTT manufactured drug-detection tests for the horse racing industry. The ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay) tests allowed officials to test for performance-enhancing drugs that were difficult to detect in 1988.
In 2010, Neogen acquired the genomics -focused company GeneSeek in order to expand their focus on animal genomes and proper heredity and breeding, especially in regards to cattle.
In December 2021, 3M announced that it would merge its food-safety business with Neogen. The deal, with an enterprise value of about $5.3 billion, closed in September 2022.